The relationship of ethical climate Research Paper

The relationship of ethical climate - Research Paper Example The wars fought to be a monarch, the brawls between various political parties, the rivalry for becoming the head of department and the intense competition to become the CEO symbolizes the inborn fancy humans have for Control ,command and to have immense clout to pilot people. This task is however not a piece of cake, while leading and managing people a person is not merely administering a subordinate or an inferior. If we place ourselves in the shoes of a manager or a higher authority, it would be an easy deduction that one has to tackle a substantial array of different ‘’psychological’’ conducts and has to knob the infinite mood swings at times. There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. F or instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management.   Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. (J, 2006).  ... There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. For instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management. Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. Other costs of turnover are associated with selecting, orienting and training new workers (Billikopf, 2003). So the healthier alternative is to craft some on-job techniques and corrective measures th at can improve the working ambiance. Details: Around the world the managers and officials are trying to manage the digressions of their problematic subordinates. There are different procedures that are chalked out by people to direct the trouble-creators. For instance confrontation, 360 degrees feedback, termination, environmental upgrading and augmentation in incentives are the few things that are commonly practiced to humanize the negative mind-sets. But if certain sociological theories of deviance are considered profoundly they portray another side of the picture. As in the ‘’labeling theory’’ states that the deviance is socially constructed process in

Included in the description Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Included in the description - Research Proposal Example conflict is the family-to-work conflict where a person is not able to fulfill his work responsibilities due to family demands (Medalia & Jacobs, 2008, p.138). However, in today’s competitive and fast paced world, the most dominant and common type of work-family conflict that is found in people’s life is the ‘work-to-family’ conflict. However, the aspect of work life that is playing a major role in causing work-family conflict is the â€Å"long work hours†. Long work hours are not only disrupting the fulfillment of family responsibilities, but are also posing a strong threat to the unity, bonding and peace between the family members by causing lack of family time, dissatisfaction in need fulfillment, emotional distress and poor role performance by working adults (Medalia & Jacobs, 2008, p.138). To resolve the work-family conflict, it is highly important to understand how â€Å"long work hours† have become a major threat to the peace of the soci ety by affecting the family lives of professionals. Hence, the purpose of this research is to study and review the literature in the field of family psychology, industrial/organizational psychology and occupational psychology to explore the ways in which â€Å"long work hours† destroy the marriage lives and the family lives of the adults who work. The first and major types of work demands that causes the work-family conflict are the time based work demands (Medalia & Jacobs, 2008, p.138). Working on weekends, night shifts and non-standard work schedules are the different time based demands that disrupt the family routines and family roles of the adults who work (Medalia & Jacobs, 2008, p.138). However, the type of time based work demand that proves most hazardous to the family life of a person is the â€Å"long work hours†. â€Å"Long work hours† have various negative effects on the life of a person who works and hence, harms the peace of the family in many ways. This research is intended to find out in what ways do long

Asda: Strategic Management And Leadership

Asda: Strategic Management And Leadership INTRODUCTION This case will critically examine links between strategic management and leadership, impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions and how leadership styles adapted to different situations. Here I am going to use a case study from the choosing an organisation (ASDA) to view the relation between strategic management and leadership, and analyse how a new Strategic decision effect on the management and leadership. 1.1 ASDA ASDA is the second biggest supermarket chain in the UK. Since 1999 ASDA has been wholly owned by Wal-Mart which is the largest company in the world. ASDA was formed in 1965 by a group of farmers from Yorkshire, and its activities are still mainly based in north of Britain. [Corporate watch: ASDA Wal-Mart: overview]. 1.2 ASDA Mission, purpose and values ASDAs mission is: to be Britains best-value retailer exceeding customer needs always. ASDAs purpose is To make goods and services more affordable for everyone. ASDA also has a series of values. ASDAs values are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect for the individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strive for excellence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Service to our customers. 2. Strategic management and Leadership 2.1- Strategic management- strategic management is the process of organisational objectives, developing policies and plans to achieve their objectives, and allocating resources to implement the plans. It is usually performed by the companys top management level such as CEO, Stakeholders and executive team. It provides all direction to the whole organisation. It can be described as a way of achieving overall organisational objectives. It is the process that involves analysis of external and internal environment, resources and competencies of the company. Basically it is a set of managerial decision and action that determines the long-run performance of an organisation. Peter Ducker, 1954. 1.2- Leadership- For every problem there is a solution. It often happens that the person best fitted to solve the problem is someone not directly connected with or influenced by it. Michael J. Dreikorn, 2003. Leadership is the position in an organisation that leads and motivates people to achieve the organisational goal. Leadership inspires others to take the appropriate action. In an organisation there should be a leader to lead the people or group. They take responsible of their people and support them through training and development in order to encourage effective contribution toward meeting organisational objectives. 2- Link between strategic management and Leadership The management and Leadership are basically the words referred to as equivalent and in most cases are comparable from the same position. Management and leadership are the two vital discipline of the organisation. These are most important for the people who are involved in managing a team, business, and organisation. Leadership and management are the skills that an organisation should possess through its chosen leader with the support of its management. Leadership is driven by the person in an organisation who guides the group to achieve the company goal. There is good understanding between the leader and group people to determine the ability and articulate visions and goals. Management is the process of planning, organising, maintaining, controlling the efforts of the organisation member and using all the organisational resources to achieve the stated organisational goal. James A.F stoner and Chales Wankel, 1986. Leaders stand out by being different. They question assumption and are suspicious of tradition. They seek out the truth and make decisions based on fact, not prejudice. They have a preference for innovation. John Fenton, 1990. 2.1- Strategic Management and Leadership (ASDA) As one of the UKs fastest growing retailers, the aim of ASDA to committed to building and operating stores in a sustainable for the benefit of the environment and the communities they serve. Its strategy is centred on its mission, purpose values, which guide to make business even better. Wal-Mart has carried out a plan, to grow ASDA over the next five years to become number two in grocery and British biggest non-food leader. ASDA Corporate website. ASDA people are the companys most important asset and source of competitive advantage. Its success depends on the strength their management, which build from manage with a disciplined process led by the CEO and the senior leadership team. Employees are working seriously going above and beyond the call of duty to get the job done under leadership. Every department has a good team leader to lead the employee in a proper manner towards the organisational goal. Wal-Mart management which owns ASDA appointed Andy Clarke as the new CEO. Andy Clarke joined ASDA in 1992, during his tenure Andy Clarke has been groomed by the dynamics of ASDA by working in variety of leadership roles. He used to work as a business unit director such as frozen, bakery and grocery. He has good leadership skills in which he can lead his people in store in effective manner. In a statement of Doug McMillan, the president and chief executive of Wal-Mart international, said: At Wal-Mart and ASDA, we have a robust succession planning and talent development process and Andy Clarke has long been identified as a leader. He joined at a difficult time when the company has slowdown in sales because of the food price inflation effect the sales across the sector. But Clarke has done a fantastic job within a couple of week and that leads him to high designation. He has announced a great deal with the deep discounter in UK called Netto. ASDA bought 193 Netto stores worth  £778m. The new CEO will lead the retailers efforts to become an even better food retailer, a broader non-food retailer and a leader out its plans to open a new chapter in its story and that over the five years. It had to be market leader in general merchandise and food. (www.your.asda.com, posted by Asda press team on 11May 2010). 3- Impact of Management and Leadership in ASDA The acquisition with Netto could get strength like small Tesco stores that will help to achieve its goal and becoming Britains biggest retailer of general merchandise. It is a great idea that ASDA can be a part of the market with the small stores in high streets. It is also targeting Home Retail Group, the owner of Argos and Home base. During its past five year strategy ASDA has increased its sales from  £15bn a year to  £20bn. It has created more than 30000 jobs in the process with opening new 70 stores in UK. CEO Andy Clarke has believed to have again creating thousands of new jobs at every level of growing business. Andy Clarke, CEO and president of ASDA said Through a combination of opening new stores, extending existing ones, converting Netto stores, and continuing to expand our grocery home shopping service we will create 7500 new roles throughout the country. We also currently have nearly 3000 vacancies on our jobs website. www.asda.com/press-centre. Conclusion As one of the largest retailer in the UK, in order to be successful, An organisation should think about customer satisfaction. It helps to the business to achieve their mission, purpose and values. The study reviewed, argues that the companies that demonstrate perform to a highly invest a lot of time placing customer at the centre of their strategy. However it also recognises that the challenging of managing people is one of the most difficult jobs for a manager. Introduction A leading in an environment which is characterised by useful resources, an uncertain and unpredictable economic environment where the competition is constantly increasing and extremely challenging as no clear direction of an organisation. In an organisation change is tough and always has been. When change has become the order of the day, it is most important is having the right leadership team. This is why having a leadership strategy is the key. Change is tough and always has been. Many executives arent good at leading change because they dont understand the importance of making critical changes in how their companies are led, not just in how they operate. William Pasmore, 2008. When we planning to adopt a new strategy, we do have always some questions, which are- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What style of leadership will be required? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How would we need to lead differently? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do we have the right leaders to lead? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If not what are we going to do about it? Leadership Theory Many leadership theories have been suggested for a leader to support an organisation. An earlier most of the leadership theories are based on the behaviour and qualities of successful leaders but later on it focused on the role of associates and follower. The following review and discussion of leadership theories may argue that demanding new approaches that encourage a more collective and unpredictable rearrangement view of leadership and leadership development and sharing the role of leader more widely within organisation. Situational Leadership Theory The theory is more likely tied to using the style needed to be a successful leader in work environment. The leader is able to create much leadership style as changing situation. The Hersey-Blanchard Model of leadership also takes a situational perspective of leadership. In this theory the developmental situation of a leaders subordinates play the biggest role in determining. It is based on the amount of task behaviour and relationship behaviour. In task behaviour the leader engages in duties and responsibility to an individual or a group. The task behaviour is like, what to do, how to do, when to do, where to do and whos to do it. In this behaviour the leaders are used one-way communication. In other way the relationship behaviour is the extent to which leaders are communicating in two-way by creating socio-emotional support. When determining the appropriate leadership style, according to Blanchard the key situational variable is the developmental level of subordinates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Directing: The leader produce specific directions and clear instructions. For the low follower this is the best matched. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coaching: The leaders two- way communication helps to build confidence and motivation of the follower. The leader has responsibility and controls decision making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supporting: In this style the share decisions making between the leader and followers expect the relationship to be directive. Participating style is the best preferred to a moderate follower readiness level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delegating: In this style the leader is still involved in decision making with the group. It helps to make solution of the problem but the control is with the followers. In this style the followers are decide when to take the leader involved. Transformational leadership Theory The transformational leadership theory is occurring when one or more people engage, in which the leader and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation. For an example Mahatma Gandhi is a transformational leader. He satisfied the required of the followers. But instead of riding those require he remained seek to high purpose. The transformational leadership theory is focused on the hypothesis that the leaders can satisfy a need of the follower. The needs are always high order needs and are closely aligned with the internal motivation of the follower. Bernard Bass developed the transforming leadership where the leaders transform the followers. It is very closer to the prototype leadership in which the follower have in mind they describe their leader and provide a role model in which subordinates want to identify. He purposed that there is a special power in transforming leadership with leaders may transform both leaders and followers. Transformational leadership- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is preoccupied with purposes and values, morals and ethics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Builds on a mans need for meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is orientated along long-term goal and focuses more on missions and strategies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identifying and developing new idea à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Designs and restructure jobs to make them meaningful and challenging Leadership Strategy of Shell Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. The parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc. This is incorporated in England and Wales. The strategy of this group is seeks to reinforce the position as a leader in the oil and gas industry in order to provide a competitive shareholder. The leadership strategy used by Shell includes these elements as bellow; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Builds shared vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximises business opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Champions customer focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Demonstrates professional mastery à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Displays personal effectiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivates, coaches and develops à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Values differences à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivers results With a current market capitalisation of 292 billion dollars (2009), 278 billion dollars in annual review, operation in more than 150 countries, Shell is one of the largest businesses, but never as one of the fastest. With its 100 year history, its deep sense of tradition, and its carefully and longevity, but never as one of creativity or innovation. They use old traditional theory like authoritative style of leadership which based on upward directions. Leaders are creating strategy for the team and work with the subordinates on these policies. The rules and regulation made by the leaders are followed by the team members. Steve Miller, group managing director of the Shell group of companies, who guide the day to day activities, but two year after the company had lunched transformational leadership style. The upper level managers had shown their efforts, but employee morale continued to slip. Suggestion A successful organisation depends on leadership and a new approach to providing it. The leader has to find the proper vision to empower these frontline people, to challenge them, to provide them with their required resources and hold them accountable. As the followers are struggling with challenge, the leader becomes their coach, teacher and as well as facilitator. As employee move upwards in an organisation, they get caught up in board strategic issues, legal issues, stakeholder issues. They need a common understanding of the business which drives execution. Conclusion The review of leadership theory and example in use to the Shell group of company it would conclude that a limited version of transformational leadership is being promoted. The qualities and behaviour exhibited by the leader that encourages the followers participation, development and commitment. Leader is seen to act as a visionary equipped with a set of goal though communication, problem solving, people management, decision making, etc. that can be applied a diverse range of situations. TASK-3 Planning For Leadership Introduction Today the business environment is quite fast paces with the changing economy rapidly. There is a need for an organisation to implement competitive advantage, such as identify the sources of competitive advantage, implementing them and how to defend them. Organisations are using financial resources to get an edge over their competitors. They could also reliable their human resources or another is through implementation of technological changes. With all these, it can be tricky for an organisation to balance the three aspects. Porter, 1985. Virtual Organisation The word virtual organization is to be called as a network of independent organisation. The firms are temporarily join together to produce a service or product. It is consult with such term as virtual teams, virtual office, and virtual leadership. Advance information technology becomes an important element. That is why the success of a virtual organisation. Computerised information systems allow employees from geographically dispersed location to link up with one another. Virtual team members need to learn new skills like they are total lack or face to face contact. So they need the skill is the ability to interact with everyone in an effective manner. Another one is the ability to assimilate quickly and effectively into new teams. They may need computer based technologies as well as intercultural skills to work effectively in multinational organisations. Virtual leaders required new skills to lead in the different environment to virtual operations and sustain virtual relationship with internal as well as external constituents to support their team. For an example; like Apple computer and Sun Microsystems. When Apple computer linked its easy- to-use software with Sonys manufacturing skills in miniaturization, Apple was able to get product to market quickly and gain a market share in the notebook of the PC industry. Mergers and Take Overs Mergers and takeovers are an action of an organisation. They turn two companies in a single legal entity. Two organisation combine together to improve the organisational performance and shareholders value over the long time period. Historically mergers are occur in periodic burst, typically included by economic shocks such as, changing environment, cost of goods, deregulation, technology, political uncertainty and demand reduction. During the period of corporate change leadership has a profound effect on stakeholders. ASDA has announced in May 2010 that it is to take over Netto store. This is the great example of horizontal integration. This will increase their market share and to compete with Tesco. e- Leadership E-Leadership means a balancing many roles and carrying them out via communications technologies. Leadership is not only a job or a position; it is a way of being the world. As an e-leadership in the world today, it need to bring people together around the world, through national, geographic and cultural, using communications technologies tools to achieve the strategic goal. E-Leadership takes place in the context of e-environment in which the work is mediated by information technology particularly the internet (Hani, 2001). Development of leadership skills Everyone can develop their capacity to lead a party or a committee, or a group. When someone already committed, and practised using their capabilities in their life, they can develop their own skills as a leader. Mainly leadership skills are the skills that can use in various situations. This type of skills called as situational theory. It does not mean that assessing the leadership styles will identify the strength and weakness, but it can be develop the leadership skills. Golden Rule at Work- The skills which we used at work every day like the way treating others is wish to be treated. It is not always easy as it sounds. In an organisation leaders need to keep balance of short term results and long term job satisfaction. Coaching and Teaching- some leadership skills has to develop with the help of coaching and teaching as well. This is especially effective, where leaders may be lead as expert and should be interested in the development of the group or people. In this situation leader can develop coaching skills by face to face with others. Delegating Task- Delegating task is not only giving the work to someone and runaway. It is not only extra knowledge or experience for the co-worker, but it works in trust. This type of skill can be develop by giving less task, which could be complete by the certain time with a good result. As the task become easy to do and comfortable leader can start delegating more and more difficult tasks. Democracy at Work- This type of skill we said simply encouraging independent at work. It allows the co-workers to believe they have right direction the team is going. It can be say democratic leadership styles. Among them they discussing with others that often comes with freedom to take any decisions, while it takes a long time. Emotional Intelligence Leadership Skills- Emotional intelligence skills are in natural and leading other with successfully interacting through people. The skill helps the leader to understand the dynamic of those interactions. Self-Awareness is our ability to determined that the position of the leader by self. It is the ability to understand the emotions, moods, and motivations. Self-Regulation is the skills that more responsibility with control the emotions. It controls the emotions which will be counter productivity to desire the goal. Motivational Skills- Motivation skills come from external source, like managers recognition for a job well done, and internal sources like self-motivation or internal motivation. As a leader it is very important to identify the key which motivates more at work. Empathy Skills- It is the skills that involves in the relationship with the co-worker. It is ability to understand someones point view. The skill has the ability to understand the impact change on someone else. Social Skills- To develop these skills you need to be socialise others. It works in networking style in a work setting. The followers need to listen their leader and take interest on listening. Need to be able to develop and guide followers using social skills. Conclusion Without any leadership, most strategic plans of an organisation will end up as dead piece of paper.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

MACBETH The play Macbeth by William Shakespeare contains many interesting themes; Shakespeare has taken a time of great change in Scottish history and used it to suit his of purposes. He uses the rise to power of a man to examine issues and ideology of Elizabethan times. The people of the Elizabethan timer believed in the divine right of kings, to put simply the king is gods chosen representative on earth, he speaks to god, to kill a king would bring about horrendous repercussions an turn a peaceful world into chaos. A good example of this chaos is when Macbeth kills Duncan; the day after Ross tells us That the day became as dark as night, a falcon was killed by an owl and that Duncan's horses turned wild and ate each other. Another theme from Macbeth, which is linked to the idea of divine right of kings, is Individuals disrupting the natural order of events. Unnatural acts such as murder and witchcraft are linked to unnatural events in nature. Using the example of duncan's horses, we see, after Macbeth committed an unnatural act (killing Duncan) we learn that his horses ate each other an act that is not natural to horses. Considering both of these, Macbeth had to decide whether it was right for him to change events, but also if he kills Duncan will it mean he, himself may fall victim to someone's vaulting ambition. "Bloody instructions which, being taught, return to plague the inventor" Macbeth Act 1 scene 4 Macbeth is also plagued with the idea of kingship. A bad leader will always equal unhappy times. When Maclom lists the qualities in a king ( Act 4 scene 3)he lists Justice, Verity, Temperance, Stableness, bounty, Perseverance, Mercy, lowliness, Devotion, Patience, Courage, Fortitude. How many of these qualities do we see in Macbeth? The role of good and evil, another major theme in Macbeth is important, because although Macbeth and lady macbeth are comsidered evil, they show weaknessess. It is clear they have got in to deep. I consider the witches to be evil as they corrupted a good man leading him from the values he was brought up to respecthowerve, I do not see Banquo as good. For the reason he did not voice his beliefs that macbeth was the killer, nor Macduff, although he appears as a good man he did abandon his family, leaving them to the wrath and injustice of Macbeth Macbeth :: essays research papers MACBETH The play Macbeth by William Shakespeare contains many interesting themes; Shakespeare has taken a time of great change in Scottish history and used it to suit his of purposes. He uses the rise to power of a man to examine issues and ideology of Elizabethan times. The people of the Elizabethan timer believed in the divine right of kings, to put simply the king is gods chosen representative on earth, he speaks to god, to kill a king would bring about horrendous repercussions an turn a peaceful world into chaos. A good example of this chaos is when Macbeth kills Duncan; the day after Ross tells us That the day became as dark as night, a falcon was killed by an owl and that Duncan's horses turned wild and ate each other. Another theme from Macbeth, which is linked to the idea of divine right of kings, is Individuals disrupting the natural order of events. Unnatural acts such as murder and witchcraft are linked to unnatural events in nature. Using the example of duncan's horses, we see, after Macbeth committed an unnatural act (killing Duncan) we learn that his horses ate each other an act that is not natural to horses. Considering both of these, Macbeth had to decide whether it was right for him to change events, but also if he kills Duncan will it mean he, himself may fall victim to someone's vaulting ambition. "Bloody instructions which, being taught, return to plague the inventor" Macbeth Act 1 scene 4 Macbeth is also plagued with the idea of kingship. A bad leader will always equal unhappy times. When Maclom lists the qualities in a king ( Act 4 scene 3)he lists Justice, Verity, Temperance, Stableness, bounty, Perseverance, Mercy, lowliness, Devotion, Patience, Courage, Fortitude. How many of these qualities do we see in Macbeth? The role of good and evil, another major theme in Macbeth is important, because although Macbeth and lady macbeth are comsidered evil, they show weaknessess. It is clear they have got in to deep. I consider the witches to be evil as they corrupted a good man leading him from the values he was brought up to respecthowerve, I do not see Banquo as good. For the reason he did not voice his beliefs that macbeth was the killer, nor Macduff, although he appears as a good man he did abandon his family, leaving them to the wrath and injustice of Macbeth

Infectious Disease

* What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that comes from the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). There isn’t a treatment for the disease once you get it. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is contracted from eating food and drinking water contaminated with human feces. Eating raw and undercooked fish that was in contaminated waters contribute to the disease. Sometimes eating raw produce that have been contaminated can also cause the illness. Foods that have been sitting out in the air and have had bacteria growth on it and eaten also contribute to the disease. * What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? * What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? During Hepatitis A some symptoms of the disease are fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay colored bowel movements and joint pain. In 70% of the cases Jaudice is the most common symptom. Symptoms can last up to 2 months. The average time of incubation is 28 days. Once contracted, there is no treatment. The individual has the illness to run its course. * What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. To prevent further outbreaks, people should have good hygiene including wash their hands often especially when they deal with food preparation. There has also been a vaccination created for Hepatitis A that is given to children between their first and second birthday. Others that should get vaccinated are men having sex with men, people traveling to Central and Southern America, Mexico, Asia (except Japan), Africa and eastern Europe and people that use street drugs. Once you are immune to Hepatitis A you can’t get it again. To prevent the spread of Hepatitis A in water, chlorine is added to the water in US.

A Hotel Restaurant Practicum Report Essay

STRENGHT As an intern i observed some strenghts within Fernandina Hotel, first is that all the staffs are friendly and they will give you the best services they can offer, i can also say that the location is good because there are nearby malls and other business institutions located within the area. Sanitation and cleanliness is well proven in the hotel they are very strict when cleanliness is involved and they train their staffs to become aware of the health of their guests. WEAKNESSES The one thing that can be a weakness of this hotel is that they lack manpower to accomodate their guests, for me this is a big deal as a weakness because this can lead to the downfall of the hotel.The guests will not appreciate the stay if the staffs that will serve them are minimal and cant give them the whole service they want. INTRODUCTION In 1572, Spanish conqueror Juan de Salcedo founded Villa Fernandina in the Philippines and named it after Fernando, the firstborn son of King Felipe II. The Seat of Nueva Segovia bishoporic and capital of the Ilocos Region, the romantic Fernandina boasted of stately Spanish homes where the aristocrats of old savoured the simple yet elegant setting of a classic era. As a tribute to its namesake, the Fernandina 88 Suites at the heart of Araneta Business and shopping center is a masterful blend of contemporary and classical architecture. From the exquisite exterior design of the building to the finest details of each unit, Fernandina 88 boasts of both artistic flair and elegant style. Fernandina 88 suites is designed to suit the tastes of hardworking young professionals and business traveller who appreciate the art of gracious living. This Fernandina 88 suites Owned and Operated by ALCAT Inc. 222 P. Tuazon Boulevard, AranetaCenterCubao Quezon City Philippines 1109. And we are affordable in 1, 2 and 3 bedrooms types of suites. The mission vision of the company is all to the officers and staff of Fernandina 88 suites hotel dedicate ourselves to provide peaceful harmonious  and secure accommodation to our customer clients and guests characterized by quality suites. To this end our aim is to serve our guests in a manner that would exuberate an enthusiasm in service, and the name of the owner of this company is Mr.Joselito Alvarado. and in Fernandina 88 suites we have 3 functions namely 1572 reataurant& ballroom located at 12th floor, the vigan conference hall located at 6th floor, and executive hall located at 2nd floor building. STATUS ANALYSIS ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Sir Bench (Officer in Charge) Benjamin Adriatico 1. Raphael Araneta Antero Molave 2. Jonas Robles Ramon Medina (Food Attendant) Ariel Cruz Ben (Steward) (Steward) Yes the employees do their duty and responsibilities well inside the restaurant, also all the employees in morning and night shifts are hardworking and responsible. OPERATION SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES Breakfast buffet starts at 7AM-10:30AM Always serve a coffee and hot tea Last call for the breakfast buffet at 9:30AM Lunch buffet starts at 12-2:30PM Always serve water Last call for the breakfast buffet at 2:00PM All of the employees and trainees are following the everyday procedures and rules and regulations of the hotel. And prove to the guest that we are always happy to serve them and always smile even we are tired. FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT Soup Tureen- is a serving dish for foods such as soups or stews. Ramekin- used for the preparation and serving various food, dishes. Percolator- is a type of pot used to brew coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew. Consomme- is a type of clear soup that many guest can use. Olstoria- (coffee espresso machine) Coffee Grinder- is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage. All the uncommon equipments are working properly, for me it’s a big deal because if these equipments are gone or is not working properly it will not be easy to serve the guests or we can’t give them the good service they want. MANPOWER SCHEDULING All of the AM shifts are starts from 7AM-3PM while the PM shifts are starts from 3PM-10PM that are the prepared scheduled of the restaurant. Yes it’s very effective because In morning shift i can start from 7AM – 3PM after that I have a lots of time to get rest in house. While the night shift starts from 3PM-10PM WORK ATMOSPHERE For me its yes we can move and serve properly inside the restaurant because there is a big and wide space for the guests. And it’s not difficult to move inside the restaurant, it is design to accommodate many guests at once. USE OF MATERIAL RESOURCES Purchase Order – First we go to purchasing area to get some stocks and after that we need to write from a piece of paper the item that they get. One for the am shift and one for the pm shift are assigned to do the inventory every day and all the stocks are enough every day. And so if ever we need to purchase we can just go to purchasing area to get what we need. SANITATION PROCEDURES 1. We always use solution for whipping the tables. 2. We always do the bass out after the guests are done with the dirty plates. 3. We are always segrate all the utensils like spoon, fork, knife and teaspoon. 4. Wear clean proper and tidy attire when they are at work. 5. Keep their finger nails short and clean. 6. Do not wear accessories or jewelry ask they may drop into the food. 7. Keep hair neat and tidy. CLEANING THE WORKING AREA 1. Dining Area 2. Bar Area 3. Buffet Area

An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essays

An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essays An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essay An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essay AN EXAMPLE OF DIVIDEND POLICY IRRELEVANCE An example provides insight into the dividend irrelevance proposition. Suppose that now is time 0, and one year from now is time 1. Carter Company just paid its time 0 dividend (assume dividends are paid once per year), and plans to publicly announce its dividend policy for the next year. It is considering the following two policies (all dollar amounts in $millions). Policy I: At time 1, dividends = $110, new share sales = 0, treasury stock purchases = 0 Policy II: At time 1, dividends = $121, new share sales = $11, treasury stock purchases = 0 The time 1 total equity value (the $2,200 in column (3) of the exhibit below) is the time 1 market value of all shares (shares that were outstanding at time 0 and new shares issued at time 1. It is the ex-dividend (post time 1 dividend) value of the firm’s equity at time 1. This amount ($2,200) is the same under policies I and II because the firm’s assets and financial structure are exactly the same under I and II (implying the same time 1 total value of all the equity outstanding at time 1). We assume that the buyers of the new time 1 stock pay a fair price for the stock. Dividend policy (1) Time 1 dividend (2) Time 1 total equity value (time 0 shares + new time 1 shares) (3) Time 1 value of new time 1 shares (4)Time 1 value of old time 0 shares [= (3) ? (4)] (5) I$110$2,2000$2,200 II$121$2,200$11$2,189 Now let’s compute the time 0 value of the Carter stock if Carter announces policy I, and if it announces policy II. Assume an equity discount rate (k) of 10%. = = = $2,100 (1) = = = $2,100 (2) In the numerator of (2), ($2,200 ? $11) is the time 1 value of the time 0 shares (the shares that were outstanding at time 0, which equals the value of all the shares at time 1 minus the value of the new shares issued at time 1). The time 0 value of those shares is independent of dividend policy. At time 1, under policy II, the time 0 shareholders give up an $11 ownership interest in the firm’s shares in exchange for an $11 dividend payments; the transaction is a wash. This wash effect holds for any dividend policy change if there are no personal taxes.